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Sunday, September 09, 2001

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Beautiful bronzes


A collection of sacred bronzes from South India graces the galleries of the Sarabhai Foundation, Ahmedabad. The essence of these pieces is brought out by the display which transcends the contexts of myth and ritual in which they were originally placed. RANVIR SHAH writes on the experience of viewing these works of art.

IT is July in Ahmedabad. The skies are bursting with cumulonimbuses that shed forth their waters erratically as they pass over the city. Peacocks still abound in many gardens of the city and call out to their mates. Thunder occasionally overpowers the sound of autorickshaws and traffic. One is transported back into another time, another place as one enters the premises of The Retreat - the estate that houses the Calico Museum of Textiles and the Sarabhai Foundation in the home of the merchant prince Ambalal Sarabhai, whose children have over the years collected one of the finest collections of textiles.

Of these, Gautam Sarabhai, who passed away recently, also had a collection of bronzes numbering over 200. A few are displayed in the recently opened Sacred Bronzes from South India galleries. Housed in a section of the main building with cool polished marble floors, large verandahs, water bodies and fountains, one is led through the tropical explosion of the well-planned-with- foresight garden into the galleries.

One enters through an ante room that explains how South Indian bronzes are manufactured in the lost wax or Cire perdue method, where drawings and models illustrate the way these images are cast. There is a large photograph album that is available to see the bronzes in temple ritual and festival. Bronzes clothed brilliantly, gleaming in the worship of flowers and incense and deepams. The guide explains their context in South Indian temple life as well as personal prayer.

Entering an arch adorned by a prabhavali that is complete and encompasses at the far end a dancing Shiva-Nataraja, one is led into the first room of the gallery. Here in a pool of light is the gallery's masterpiece. Reigning singularly and majestically in a stance and expression of calm and control is Shiva as Tripurantaka - Destroyer of the Three Cities of the Demons.

Dr. Nagaswamy, an authority on South Indian Bronzes, places the piece as one belonging to the Nandi phase of the Pallava bronzes. This period followed the Early Pallava phase ending in 700 CE and the Rajasimha phase of 700-750 CE. The Nandi period is pegged at between 750-800 CE.

To look at the bronze, one could easily mistake it for a Rama and it has also been thought of as being Shiva as Pinaka-Pani or bearer of the pinaka bow as he does not have the four arms attributed to Tripurantaka. Yet Shiva Tripurantaka it is and has been interpreted so. Stella Kramrisch says of the myth in her book The Presence of Shiva "The asuras had taken over the three cities of the gods and the allusion was also to the triple passions of Pride, Anger and Delusion in the site of the devotee. These cities of the demons needed to be destroyed by Shiva when they were felled by a single arrow. The Tripura myth also had a cosmo-symbolical dimension where Shiva regained for the gods a universe from which they were ousted. His mythical arrow was equivalent in efficacy with the rites performed by the gods with Agni as their agent. These cities were the work of the demon mastermind - Maya. It was a world conquest, a universal conflagration that wiped out the demons from the earth, air and sky."

Viewing the bronze, one sees a great amount of peace and calm on the expression of his face. Perhaps as the catalogue notes state, "The Lord has already subdued and destroyed them, he seems to say: the three demons, masters of the cities respectively of iron, silver and gold, do no longer exist." It is the moment after victory. As one goes around there is a delight in discovering a datura flower in the jatamukuta (crown of hair) and behind the hair falls in medusan coils of seemingly snakelike ringlets. The serpentine sinousity of the line is accentuated again in the front and back of the sacred thread of yajnopavita.

The body is relaxed and the front leg bent slightly. It could have been modelled on a young warrior king as the face has a great stillness of control, useful for a figure that was in charge. Appar, one of the famous four of the 63 Nayanmars of the Tamil Saiva tradition, has sung in the Tevaram of Shiva being immanent in all life forms, moving and still. The verse below captures the mood of the statue as well.

As  rock,  as  hill, as forest, 
as  river,  as streams and small canals, 
as  salt  marshes by the sea, 
as  grass, as bush, as plants and herbs, 
as  the  city, as the one who smashed the three  cities,  
as the word, as meaning in the word, 
as the stirring of all life, 
as  the places where life stirs, 
as grain, as the earth in which it grows, 
as  the water that gives it life, 
the Lord who blazed up as the great flame stands,
O wonder!"

(From Poems to Siva, Indira Vishvanathan Peterson)

One moves on from here to the main gallery space. Here, lit as if in rays of revelation, the bronzes are placed in careful conjunction and yet with enough space to move around and view them in a 3600 angle. For background there is white, slubbed cloth that throws off the effect of the gleam of patina on the metals of several centuries. Here there is a beautiful Devi- Matangi, a Kalyanasundara Shiva and Parvati, two pairs of Somaskandas - "one on a common plinth, representing Skanda are two tiny feet as the statue seems to have been lost and two very rare bronzes, one of Annapurna and the other of Mahesvari, both of which are described below.

The Annapurna in the Sarabhai collection is said to be one of the best representations of the goddess who is the bestower of food. This I discovered looking through Dr. C. Sivaramamurti's book. Her exceedingly large and full breasts and the holding of the ladle are clear signs of the iconography that establish her identity as the nourishing mother goddess. However, the catalogue gives us the clue that in her left hand she could probably have been holding a "jewelled vessel filled with honey and celestial foods," as prescribed in the Karana Agama. It also acknoweldges that seldom is the disposition of the hands and the fingers without a nervous grace in works of this kind. This very evident grace is further heightened by her damilla coiffure hairstyles, alluding to early Tamil iconsignage that is surprisingly very close to some of the hairstyles and kondais seen even today. Her full and high breasts are not so much a reference to sensuality but an allusion to the mother who feeds the entire world. The patterned clothing on her lower body and jewellery on her arms and feet makes it a figure of great artistry and detail.

Turning slowly is the other major piece of the gallery. It is that of Mahesvari. Probably part of a fabulous (if one is to go by this piece) set of saptamatrikas, she represents the feminine aspect of Shiva and is not to be mistaken for the consort Uma or Parvati. This can be identified by the synergy of the symbols on this bronze. There is the datura flower and the crescent moon in her hair, backed by a radiating halo. Also in her hands are the axe and the deer which are clearly symbols of Shiva. She sits with an extremely benign expression contrasting with the fury presence of the halo which reminds one of radiating energy, sun rays or some kind of fire generated through tapas. The dichotomy of this imagery and the almost palpable heat from the halo makes this a bronze to view and cherish in memory. Her full breasts are held tightly by a snake band further confirming the connection to Siva. The small girdle, skirt and jewellery complete the piece with the sitting posture and abhaya mudra exuding a sense of benevolence.

As Thomas Coburn says - in Devi Mahatmya - the Crystalliation of the Goddess Tradition - "Mahesvari sallied forth, mounted upon a bull, bearing the best of tridents, having great serpents for bracelets, adorned with the moon's crescent." He goes on to state Mahesvari, Paramesvari and Visvesvari are all said to her who is Isvari - she who is powerful, competent, sovreign, the queen. The Sakti of Siva. To see the bronze from all angles is to experience this energy.

Which brings us to the point of experience in the gallery. How does a small gallery in Ahmedabad, in an old house, allow you to experience pieces that are totally out of context to the reality of the rest of the museum? The answer lies in the homework done by those who have put together this space and the bronzes in them. Besides photographs allowing you to visualise the context these bronzes were used in, there are shlokas and Tevaram on tape to add to the auditory experience of imagination and in some cases, memory. This is clearly the sign of being able to enjoy the pieces much more than viewing them behind glass cases in many of our museums. Chariot textiles from the South, deepams and subsidiary objects all add to the experience of the imagined - rasa is invoked, conceived and experienced. This ability is rarely achieved in any other Indian Museum and credit must go to the team at the Sarabhai Foundation for having achieved this. As B. N. Goswamy says in his note on a photo essay by Dashrath Patel on experiencing the museum "The museum sets out to do something else, it taps into a rich Indian vein and embodies ways of seeing and of establishing relationship, that are most appropriately rooted in the culture from which the objects it houses come." Returning outside to a cloud filled sky, these are exactly the thoughts in my mind.

It is remarkable that the bronze image makers or shilpis were, in some intuitive way, able to create imagery from the essential strong form of the line of the these bronzes, that has stayed with us to cherish over a thousand years. To appreciate the essence of these pieces, there does need to be reference to context of myth and ritual and yet they transcend that when in museums they achieve that rare synaesthesia of becoming world art. Somewhere in the mind's eye of the shilpi and in the workings of their sastras, line evolved to the concretisation of these bronzes which give us till today a permanent neuro aesthetic experience not just for Indians with the rasa to appreciate, but for all humanity at large.

Peacocks call out to their mates. The clouds have turned dark. I leave in a thunder burst.

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