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Beautiful bronzes
A collection of sacred bronzes from South India graces the
galleries of the Sarabhai Foundation, Ahmedabad. The essence of
these pieces is brought out by the display which transcends the
contexts of myth and ritual in which they were originally placed.
RANVIR SHAH writes on the experience of viewing these works of
art.
IT is July in Ahmedabad. The skies are bursting with
cumulonimbuses that shed forth their waters erratically as they
pass over the city. Peacocks still abound in many gardens of the
city and call out to their mates. Thunder occasionally overpowers
the sound of autorickshaws and traffic. One is transported back
into another time, another place as one enters the premises of
The Retreat - the estate that houses the Calico Museum of
Textiles and the Sarabhai Foundation in the home of the merchant
prince Ambalal Sarabhai, whose children have over the years
collected one of the finest collections of textiles.
Of these, Gautam Sarabhai, who passed away recently, also had a
collection of bronzes numbering over 200. A few are displayed in
the recently opened Sacred Bronzes from South India galleries.
Housed in a section of the main building with cool polished
marble floors, large verandahs, water bodies and fountains, one
is led through the tropical explosion of the well-planned-with-
foresight garden into the galleries.
One enters through an ante room that explains how South Indian
bronzes are manufactured in the lost wax or Cire perdue method,
where drawings and models illustrate the way these images are
cast. There is a large photograph album that is available to see
the bronzes in temple ritual and festival. Bronzes clothed
brilliantly, gleaming in the worship of flowers and incense and
deepams. The guide explains their context in South Indian temple
life as well as personal prayer.
Entering an arch adorned by a prabhavali that is complete and
encompasses at the far end a dancing Shiva-Nataraja, one is led
into the first room of the gallery. Here in a pool of light is
the gallery's masterpiece. Reigning singularly and majestically
in a stance and expression of calm and control is Shiva as
Tripurantaka - Destroyer of the Three Cities of the Demons.
Dr. Nagaswamy, an authority on South Indian Bronzes, places the
piece as one belonging to the Nandi phase of the Pallava bronzes.
This period followed the Early Pallava phase ending in 700 CE and
the Rajasimha phase of 700-750 CE. The Nandi period is pegged at
between 750-800 CE.
To look at the bronze, one could easily mistake it for a Rama and
it has also been thought of as being Shiva as Pinaka-Pani or
bearer of the pinaka bow as he does not have the four arms
attributed to Tripurantaka. Yet Shiva Tripurantaka it is and has
been interpreted so. Stella Kramrisch says of the myth in her
book The Presence of Shiva "The asuras had taken over the three
cities of the gods and the allusion was also to the triple
passions of Pride, Anger and Delusion in the site of the devotee.
These cities of the demons needed to be destroyed by Shiva when
they were felled by a single arrow. The Tripura myth also had a
cosmo-symbolical dimension where Shiva regained for the gods a
universe from which they were ousted. His mythical arrow was
equivalent in efficacy with the rites performed by the gods with
Agni as their agent. These cities were the work of the demon
mastermind - Maya. It was a world conquest, a universal
conflagration that wiped out the demons from the earth, air and
sky."
Viewing the bronze, one sees a great amount of peace and calm on
the expression of his face. Perhaps as the catalogue notes state,
"The Lord has already subdued and destroyed them, he seems to
say: the three demons, masters of the cities respectively of
iron, silver and gold, do no longer exist." It is the moment
after victory. As one goes around there is a delight in
discovering a datura flower in the jatamukuta (crown of hair) and
behind the hair falls in medusan coils of seemingly snakelike
ringlets. The serpentine sinousity of the line is accentuated
again in the front and back of the sacred thread of yajnopavita.
The body is relaxed and the front leg bent slightly. It could
have been modelled on a young warrior king as the face has a
great stillness of control, useful for a figure that was in
charge. Appar, one of the famous four of the 63 Nayanmars of the
Tamil Saiva tradition, has sung in the Tevaram of Shiva being
immanent in all life forms, moving and still. The verse below
captures the mood of the statue as well.
(From Poems to Siva, Indira Vishvanathan Peterson)
One moves on from here to the main gallery space. Here, lit as if
in rays of revelation, the bronzes are placed in careful
conjunction and yet with enough space to move around and view
them in a 3600 angle. For background there is white, slubbed
cloth that throws off the effect of the gleam of patina on the
metals of several centuries. Here there is a beautiful Devi-
Matangi, a Kalyanasundara Shiva and Parvati, two pairs of
Somaskandas - "one on a common plinth, representing Skanda are
two tiny feet as the statue seems to have been lost and two very
rare bronzes, one of Annapurna and the other of Mahesvari, both
of which are described below.
The Annapurna in the Sarabhai collection is said to be one of the
best representations of the goddess who is the bestower of food.
This I discovered looking through Dr. C. Sivaramamurti's book.
Her exceedingly large and full breasts and the holding of the
ladle are clear signs of the iconography that establish her
identity as the nourishing mother goddess. However, the catalogue
gives us the clue that in her left hand she could probably have
been holding a "jewelled vessel filled with honey and celestial
foods," as prescribed in the Karana Agama. It also acknoweldges
that seldom is the disposition of the hands and the fingers
without a nervous grace in works of this kind. This very evident
grace is further heightened by her damilla coiffure hairstyles,
alluding to early Tamil iconsignage that is surprisingly very
close to some of the hairstyles and kondais seen even today. Her
full and high breasts are not so much a reference to sensuality
but an allusion to the mother who feeds the entire world. The
patterned clothing on her lower body and jewellery on her arms
and feet makes it a figure of great artistry and detail.
Turning slowly is the other major piece of the gallery. It is
that of Mahesvari. Probably part of a fabulous (if one is to go
by this piece) set of saptamatrikas, she represents the feminine
aspect of Shiva and is not to be mistaken for the consort Uma or
Parvati. This can be identified by the synergy of the symbols on
this bronze. There is the datura flower and the crescent moon in
her hair, backed by a radiating halo. Also in her hands are the
axe and the deer which are clearly symbols of Shiva. She sits
with an extremely benign expression contrasting with the fury
presence of the halo which reminds one of radiating energy, sun
rays or some kind of fire generated through tapas. The dichotomy
of this imagery and the almost palpable heat from the halo makes
this a bronze to view and cherish in memory. Her full breasts are
held tightly by a snake band further confirming the connection to
Siva. The small girdle, skirt and jewellery complete the piece
with the sitting posture and abhaya mudra exuding a sense of
benevolence.
As Thomas Coburn says - in Devi Mahatmya - the Crystalliation of
the Goddess Tradition - "Mahesvari sallied forth, mounted upon a
bull, bearing the best of tridents, having great serpents for
bracelets, adorned with the moon's crescent." He goes on to state
Mahesvari, Paramesvari and Visvesvari are all said to her who is
Isvari - she who is powerful, competent, sovreign, the queen. The
Sakti of Siva. To see the bronze from all angles is to experience
this energy.
Which brings us to the point of experience in the gallery. How
does a small gallery in Ahmedabad, in an old house, allow you to
experience pieces that are totally out of context to the reality
of the rest of the museum? The answer lies in the homework done
by those who have put together this space and the bronzes in
them. Besides photographs allowing you to visualise the context
these bronzes were used in, there are shlokas and Tevaram on tape
to add to the auditory experience of imagination and in some
cases, memory. This is clearly the sign of being able to enjoy
the pieces much more than viewing them behind glass cases in many
of our museums. Chariot textiles from the South, deepams and
subsidiary objects all add to the experience of the imagined -
rasa is invoked, conceived and experienced. This ability is
rarely achieved in any other Indian Museum and credit must go to
the team at the Sarabhai Foundation for having achieved this. As
B. N. Goswamy says in his note on a photo essay by Dashrath Patel
on experiencing the museum "The museum sets out to do something
else, it taps into a rich Indian vein and embodies ways of seeing
and of establishing relationship, that are most appropriately
rooted in the culture from which the objects it houses come."
Returning outside to a cloud filled sky, these are exactly the
thoughts in my mind.
It is remarkable that the bronze image makers or shilpis were, in
some intuitive way, able to create imagery from the essential
strong form of the line of the these bronzes, that has stayed
with us to cherish over a thousand years. To appreciate the
essence of these pieces, there does need to be reference to
context of myth and ritual and yet they transcend that when in
museums they achieve that rare synaesthesia of becoming world
art. Somewhere in the mind's eye of the shilpi and in the
workings of their sastras, line evolved to the concretisation of
these bronzes which give us till today a permanent neuro
aesthetic experience not just for Indians with the rasa to
appreciate, but for all humanity at large.
Peacocks call out to their mates. The clouds have turned dark. I
leave in a thunder burst.
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